wifi: cfg80211: regulatory: improve invalid hints checking
Syzbot keeps reporting an issue [1] that occurs when erroneous symbols
sent from userspace get through into user_alpha2[] via
regulatory_hint_user() call. Such invalid regulatory hints should be
rejected.
While a sanity check from commit 47caf685a685 ("cfg80211: regulatory:
reject invalid hints") looks to be enough to deter these very cases,
there is a way to get around it due to 2 reasons.
1) The way isalpha() works, symbols other than latin lower and
upper letters may be used to determine a country/domain.
For instance, greek letters will also be considered upper/lower
letters and for such characters isalpha() will return true as well.
However, ISO-3166-1 alpha2 codes should only hold latin
characters.
2) While processing a user regulatory request, between
reg_process_hint_user() and regulatory_hint_user() there happens to
be a call to queue_regulatory_request() which modifies letters in
request->alpha2[] with toupper(). This works fine for latin symbols,
less so for weird letter characters from the second part of _ctype[].
Syzbot triggers a warning in is_user_regdom_saved() by first sending
over an unexpected non-latin letter that gets malformed by toupper()
into a character that ends up failing isalpha() check.
Prevent this by enhancing is_an_alpha2() to ensure that incoming
symbols are latin letters and nothing else.
[1] Syzbot report:
------------[ cut here ]------------
Unexpected user alpha2: A�
WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 964 at net/wireless/reg.c:442 is_user_regdom_saved net/wireless/reg.c:440 [inline]
WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 964 at net/wireless/reg.c:442 restore_alpha2 net/wireless/reg.c:3424 [inline]
WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 964 at net/wireless/reg.c:442 restore_regulatory_settings+0x3c0/0x1e50 net/wireless/reg.c:3516
Modules linked in:
CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 964 Comm: kworker/1:2 Not tainted 6.12.0-rc5-syzkaller-00044-gc1e939a21eb1 #0
Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 09/13/2024
Workqueue: events_power_efficient crda_timeout_work
RIP: 0010:is_user_regdom_saved net/wireless/reg.c:440 [inline]
RIP: 0010:restore_alpha2 net/wireless/reg.c:3424 [inline]
RIP: 0010:restore_regulatory_settings+0x3c0/0x1e50 net/wireless/reg.c:3516
...
Call Trace:
<TASK>
crda_timeout_work+0x27/0x50 net/wireless/reg.c:542
process_one_work kernel/workqueue.c:3229 [inline]
process_scheduled_works+0xa65/0x1850 kernel/workqueue.c:3310
worker_thread+0x870/0xd30 kernel/workqueue.c:3391
kthread+0x2f2/0x390 kernel/kthread.c:389
ret_from_fork+0x4d/0x80 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:147
ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:244
</TASK>
Analysis and contextual insights are available on OpenCVE Cloud.
No vendor fix or workaround currently provided.
Additional remediation guidance may be available on OpenCVE Cloud.
Tracking
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| Source | ID | Title |
|---|---|---|
Debian DLA |
DLA-4178-1 | linux security update |
Debian DLA |
DLA-4193-1 | linux-6.1 security update |
Debian DSA |
DSA-5900-1 | linux security update |
EUVD |
EUVD-2025-9411 | In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: wifi: cfg80211: regulatory: improve invalid hints checking Syzbot keeps reporting an issue [1] that occurs when erroneous symbols sent from userspace get through into user_alpha2[] via regulatory_hint_user() call. Such invalid regulatory hints should be rejected. While a sanity check from commit 47caf685a685 ("cfg80211: regulatory: reject invalid hints") looks to be enough to deter these very cases, there is a way to get around it due to 2 reasons. 1) The way isalpha() works, symbols other than latin lower and upper letters may be used to determine a country/domain. For instance, greek letters will also be considered upper/lower letters and for such characters isalpha() will return true as well. However, ISO-3166-1 alpha2 codes should only hold latin characters. 2) While processing a user regulatory request, between reg_process_hint_user() and regulatory_hint_user() there happens to be a call to queue_regulatory_request() which modifies letters in request->alpha2[] with toupper(). This works fine for latin symbols, less so for weird letter characters from the second part of _ctype[]. Syzbot triggers a warning in is_user_regdom_saved() by first sending over an unexpected non-latin letter that gets malformed by toupper() into a character that ends up failing isalpha() check. Prevent this by enhancing is_an_alpha2() to ensure that incoming symbols are latin letters and nothing else. [1] Syzbot report: ------------[ cut here ]------------ Unexpected user alpha2: A� WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 964 at net/wireless/reg.c:442 is_user_regdom_saved net/wireless/reg.c:440 [inline] WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 964 at net/wireless/reg.c:442 restore_alpha2 net/wireless/reg.c:3424 [inline] WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 964 at net/wireless/reg.c:442 restore_regulatory_settings+0x3c0/0x1e50 net/wireless/reg.c:3516 Modules linked in: CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 964 Comm: kworker/1:2 Not tainted 6.12.0-rc5-syzkaller-00044-gc1e939a21eb1 #0 Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 09/13/2024 Workqueue: events_power_efficient crda_timeout_work RIP: 0010:is_user_regdom_saved net/wireless/reg.c:440 [inline] RIP: 0010:restore_alpha2 net/wireless/reg.c:3424 [inline] RIP: 0010:restore_regulatory_settings+0x3c0/0x1e50 net/wireless/reg.c:3516 ... Call Trace: <TASK> crda_timeout_work+0x27/0x50 net/wireless/reg.c:542 process_one_work kernel/workqueue.c:3229 [inline] process_scheduled_works+0xa65/0x1850 kernel/workqueue.c:3310 worker_thread+0x870/0xd30 kernel/workqueue.c:3391 kthread+0x2f2/0x390 kernel/kthread.c:389 ret_from_fork+0x4d/0x80 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:147 ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:244 </TASK> |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7510-1 | Linux kernel vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7510-2 | Linux kernel (FIPS) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7510-3 | Linux kernel vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7510-4 | Linux kernel (Real-time) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7510-5 | Linux kernel (Azure FIPS) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7510-6 | Linux kernel (AWS FIPS) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7510-7 | Linux kernel vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7510-8 | Linux kernel (AWS) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7511-1 | Linux kernel (GCP) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7511-2 | Linux kernel (GCP FIPS) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7511-3 | Linux kernel (GKE) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7512-1 | Linux kernel (GCP) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7516-1 | Linux kernel vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7516-2 | Linux kernel (GCP FIPS) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7516-3 | Linux kernel vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7516-4 | Linux kernel (Oracle) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7516-5 | Linux kernel (HWE) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7516-6 | Linux kernel (IBM) vulnerabilities |
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Ubuntu USN |
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Ubuntu USN |
USN-7517-3 | Linux kernel (BlueField) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7518-1 | Linux kernel (Azure FIPS) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7539-1 | Linux kernel (Raspberry Pi) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7540-1 | Linux kernel (Raspberry Pi) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7593-1 | Linux kernel (HWE) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7602-1 | Linux kernel (Xilinx ZynqMP) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7605-1 | Linux kernel vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7605-2 | Linux kernel (Low Latency) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7606-1 | Linux kernel (OEM) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7628-1 | Linux kernel (Azure) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7640-1 | Linux kernel (IoT) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7764-1 | Linux kernel vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7764-2 | Linux kernel (HWE) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7765-1 | Linux kernel (NVIDIA) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7766-1 | Linux kernel vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7767-1 | Linux kernel (Real-time) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7767-2 | Linux kernel (Real-time) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7779-1 | Linux kernel (IBM) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7790-1 | Linux kernel (Raspberry Pi) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7800-1 | Linux kernel (Raspberry Pi Real-time) vulnerabilities |
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USN-7801-1 | Linux kernel (HWE) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7802-1 | Linux kernel (Azure) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7801-2 | Linux kernel (Oracle) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7809-1 | Linux kernel (Azure, N-Series) vulnerabilities |
Ubuntu USN |
USN-7801-3 | Linux kernel (Oracle) vulnerabilities |
Mon, 03 Nov 2025 20:30:00 +0000
| Type | Values Removed | Values Added |
|---|---|---|
| References |
|
Fri, 31 Oct 2025 18:15:00 +0000
| Type | Values Removed | Values Added |
|---|---|---|
| First Time appeared |
Linux
Linux linux Kernel |
|
| Weaknesses | NVD-CWE-noinfo | |
| CPEs | cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.14:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.14:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.14:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.14:rc4:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.14:rc5:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| Vendors & Products |
Linux
Linux linux Kernel |
|
| Metrics |
cvssV3_1
|
cvssV3_1
|
Fri, 23 May 2025 02:45:00 +0000
| Type | Values Removed | Values Added |
|---|---|---|
| Weaknesses | CWE-20 | |
| Metrics |
cvssV3_1
|
cvssV3_1
|
Wed, 02 Apr 2025 14:00:00 +0000
| Type | Values Removed | Values Added |
|---|---|---|
| References |
| |
| Metrics |
threat_severity
|
cvssV3_1
|
Tue, 01 Apr 2025 16:00:00 +0000
| Type | Values Removed | Values Added |
|---|---|---|
| Description | In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: wifi: cfg80211: regulatory: improve invalid hints checking Syzbot keeps reporting an issue [1] that occurs when erroneous symbols sent from userspace get through into user_alpha2[] via regulatory_hint_user() call. Such invalid regulatory hints should be rejected. While a sanity check from commit 47caf685a685 ("cfg80211: regulatory: reject invalid hints") looks to be enough to deter these very cases, there is a way to get around it due to 2 reasons. 1) The way isalpha() works, symbols other than latin lower and upper letters may be used to determine a country/domain. For instance, greek letters will also be considered upper/lower letters and for such characters isalpha() will return true as well. However, ISO-3166-1 alpha2 codes should only hold latin characters. 2) While processing a user regulatory request, between reg_process_hint_user() and regulatory_hint_user() there happens to be a call to queue_regulatory_request() which modifies letters in request->alpha2[] with toupper(). This works fine for latin symbols, less so for weird letter characters from the second part of _ctype[]. Syzbot triggers a warning in is_user_regdom_saved() by first sending over an unexpected non-latin letter that gets malformed by toupper() into a character that ends up failing isalpha() check. Prevent this by enhancing is_an_alpha2() to ensure that incoming symbols are latin letters and nothing else. [1] Syzbot report: ------------[ cut here ]------------ Unexpected user alpha2: A� WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 964 at net/wireless/reg.c:442 is_user_regdom_saved net/wireless/reg.c:440 [inline] WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 964 at net/wireless/reg.c:442 restore_alpha2 net/wireless/reg.c:3424 [inline] WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 964 at net/wireless/reg.c:442 restore_regulatory_settings+0x3c0/0x1e50 net/wireless/reg.c:3516 Modules linked in: CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 964 Comm: kworker/1:2 Not tainted 6.12.0-rc5-syzkaller-00044-gc1e939a21eb1 #0 Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 09/13/2024 Workqueue: events_power_efficient crda_timeout_work RIP: 0010:is_user_regdom_saved net/wireless/reg.c:440 [inline] RIP: 0010:restore_alpha2 net/wireless/reg.c:3424 [inline] RIP: 0010:restore_regulatory_settings+0x3c0/0x1e50 net/wireless/reg.c:3516 ... Call Trace: <TASK> crda_timeout_work+0x27/0x50 net/wireless/reg.c:542 process_one_work kernel/workqueue.c:3229 [inline] process_scheduled_works+0xa65/0x1850 kernel/workqueue.c:3310 worker_thread+0x870/0xd30 kernel/workqueue.c:3391 kthread+0x2f2/0x390 kernel/kthread.c:389 ret_from_fork+0x4d/0x80 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:147 ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:244 </TASK> | |
| Title | wifi: cfg80211: regulatory: improve invalid hints checking | |
| References |
|
|
Status: PUBLISHED
Assigner: Linux
Published:
Updated: 2026-05-11T21:08:53.664Z
Reserved: 2024-12-29T08:45:45.786Z
Link: CVE-2025-21910
No data.
Status : Modified
Published: 2025-04-01T16:15:21.550
Modified: 2025-11-03T20:17:26.590
Link: CVE-2025-21910
OpenCVE Enrichment
No data.
Debian DLA
Debian DSA
EUVD
Ubuntu USN