{"dataType": "CVE_RECORD", "dataVersion": "5.2", "cveMetadata": {"cveId": "CVE-2025-37964", "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "state": "PUBLISHED", "assignerShortName": "Linux", "dateReserved": "2025-04-16T04:51:23.974Z", "datePublished": "2025-05-20T16:01:56.013Z", "dateUpdated": "2026-05-11T21:18:38.788Z"}, "containers": {"cna": {"providerMetadata": {"orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "shortName": "Linux", "dateUpdated": "2026-05-11T21:18:38.788Z"}, "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nx86/mm: Eliminate window where TLB flushes may be inadvertently skipped\n\ntl;dr: There is a window in the mm switching code where the new CR3 is\nset and the CPU should be getting TLB flushes for the new mm. But\nshould_flush_tlb() has a bug and suppresses the flush. Fix it by\nwidening the window where should_flush_tlb() sends an IPI.\n\nLong Version:\n\n=== History ===\n\nThere were a few things leading up to this.\n\nFirst, updating mm_cpumask() was observed to be too expensive, so it was\nmade lazier. But being lazy caused too many unnecessary IPIs to CPUs\ndue to the now-lazy mm_cpumask(). So code was added to cull\nmm_cpumask() periodically[2]. But that culling was a bit too aggressive\nand skipped sending TLB flushes to CPUs that need them. So here we are\nagain.\n\n=== Problem ===\n\nThe too-aggressive code in should_flush_tlb() strikes in this window:\n\n\t// Turn on IPIs for this CPU/mm combination, but only\n\t// if should_flush_tlb() agrees:\n\tcpumask_set_cpu(cpu, mm_cpumask(next));\n\n\tnext_tlb_gen = atomic64_read(&next->context.tlb_gen);\n\tchoose_new_asid(next, next_tlb_gen, &new_asid, &need_flush);\n\tload_new_mm_cr3(need_flush);\n\t// ^ After 'need_flush' is set to false, IPIs *MUST*\n\t// be sent to this CPU and not be ignored.\n\n this_cpu_write(cpu_tlbstate.loaded_mm, next);\n\t// ^ Not until this point does should_flush_tlb()\n\t// become true!\n\nshould_flush_tlb() will suppress TLB flushes between load_new_mm_cr3()\nand writing to 'loaded_mm', which is a window where they should not be\nsuppressed. Whoops.\n\n=== Solution ===\n\nThankfully, the fuzzy \"just about to write CR3\" window is already marked\nwith loaded_mm==LOADED_MM_SWITCHING. Simply checking for that state in\nshould_flush_tlb() is sufficient to ensure that the CPU is targeted with\nan IPI.\n\nThis will cause more TLB flush IPIs. But the window is relatively small\nand I do not expect this to cause any kind of measurable performance\nimpact.\n\nUpdate the comment where LOADED_MM_SWITCHING is written since it grew\nyet another user.\n\nPeter Z also raised a concern that should_flush_tlb() might not observe\n'loaded_mm' and 'is_lazy' in the same order that switch_mm_irqs_off()\nwrites them. Add a barrier to ensure that they are observed in the\norder they are written."}], "affected": [{"product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "unaffected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": ["arch/x86/mm/tlb.c"], "versions": [{"version": "848b5815177582de0e1d0118725378e0fbadca20", "lessThan": "12f703811af043d32b1c8a30001b2fa04d5cd0ac", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "b47002ed65ade940839b7f439ff4a194e7d5ec28", "lessThan": "02ad4ce144bd27f71f583f667fdf3b3ba0753477", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "a04fe3bfc71e28009e20357b79df1e8ef7c9d600", "lessThan": "d41072906abec8bb8e01ed16afefbaa558908c89", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "3dbe889a1b829b4c07e0836ff853fe649e51ce4f", "lessThan": "d87392094f96e162fa5fa5a8640d70cc0952806f", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "6db2526c1d694c91c6e05e2f186c085e9460f202", "lessThan": "399ec9ca8fc4999e676ff89a90184ec40031cf59", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "6db2526c1d694c91c6e05e2f186c085e9460f202", "lessThan": "fea4e317f9e7e1f449ce90dedc27a2d2a95bee5a", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "d1347977661342cb09a304a17701eb2d4aa21dec", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}]}, {"product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "affected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": ["arch/x86/mm/tlb.c"], "versions": [{"version": "6.14", "status": "affected"}, {"version": "0", "lessThan": "6.14", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "5.15.183", "lessThanOrEqual": "5.15.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.1.139", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.6.91", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.12.29", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.14.7", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.14.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.15", "lessThanOrEqual": "*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"}]}], "cpeApplicability": [{"nodes": [{"operator": "OR", "negate": false, "cpeMatch": [{"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.15.179", "versionEndExcluding": "5.15.183"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.1.129", "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.139"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.6.79", "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.91"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.12.16", "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.29"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.14", "versionEndExcluding": "6.14.7"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.14", "versionEndExcluding": "6.15"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.13.4"}]}]}], "references": [{"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/12f703811af043d32b1c8a30001b2fa04d5cd0ac"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/02ad4ce144bd27f71f583f667fdf3b3ba0753477"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d41072906abec8bb8e01ed16afefbaa558908c89"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d87392094f96e162fa5fa5a8640d70cc0952806f"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/399ec9ca8fc4999e676ff89a90184ec40031cf59"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/fea4e317f9e7e1f449ce90dedc27a2d2a95bee5a"}], "title": "x86/mm: Eliminate window where TLB flushes may be inadvertently skipped", "x_generator": {"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"}}, "adp": [{"title": "CVE Program Container", "references": [{"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/08/msg00010.html"}], "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "shortName": "CVE", "dateUpdated": "2025-11-03T19:57:49.771Z"}}]}}

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But\nshould_flush_tlb() has a bug and suppresses the flush. Fix it by\nwidening the window where should_flush_tlb() sends an IPI.\n\nLong Version:\n\n=== History ===\n\nThere were a few things leading up to this.\n\nFirst, updating mm_cpumask() was observed to be too expensive, so it was\nmade lazier. But being lazy caused too many unnecessary IPIs to CPUs\ndue to the now-lazy mm_cpumask(). So code was added to cull\nmm_cpumask() periodically[2]. But that culling was a bit too aggressive\nand skipped sending TLB flushes to CPUs that need them. So here we are\nagain.\n\n=== Problem ===\n\nThe too-aggressive code in should_flush_tlb() strikes in this window:\n\n\t// Turn on IPIs for this CPU/mm combination, but only\n\t// if should_flush_tlb() agrees:\n\tcpumask_set_cpu(cpu, mm_cpumask(next));\n\n\tnext_tlb_gen = atomic64_read(&next->context.tlb_gen);\n\tchoose_new_asid(next, next_tlb_gen, &new_asid, &need_flush);\n\tload_new_mm_cr3(need_flush);\n\t// ^ After 'need_flush' is set to false, IPIs *MUST*\n\t// be sent to this CPU and not be ignored.\n\n this_cpu_write(cpu_tlbstate.loaded_mm, next);\n\t// ^ Not until this point does should_flush_tlb()\n\t// become true!\n\nshould_flush_tlb() will suppress TLB flushes between load_new_mm_cr3()\nand writing to 'loaded_mm', which is a window where they should not be\nsuppressed. Whoops.\n\n=== Solution ===\n\nThankfully, the fuzzy \"just about to write CR3\" window is already marked\nwith loaded_mm==LOADED_MM_SWITCHING. Simply checking for that state in\nshould_flush_tlb() is sufficient to ensure that the CPU is targeted with\nan IPI.\n\nThis will cause more TLB flush IPIs. But the window is relatively small\nand I do not expect this to cause any kind of measurable performance\nimpact.\n\nUpdate the comment where LOADED_MM_SWITCHING is written since it grew\nyet another user.\n\nPeter Z also raised a concern that should_flush_tlb() might not observe\n'loaded_mm' and 'is_lazy' in the same order that switch_mm_irqs_off()\nwrites them. Add a barrier to ensure that they are observed in the\norder they are written."}, {"lang": "es", "value": "En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: x86/mm: Eliminar la ventana donde los vaciados de TLB pueden omitirse inadvertidamente tl;dr: Hay una ventana en el c\u00f3digo de conmutaci\u00f3n mm donde se establece el nuevo CR3 y la CPU deber\u00eda obtener vaciados de TLB para el nuevo mm. Pero should_flush_tlb() tiene un error y suprime el vaciado. Arr\u00e9glelo ampliando la ventana donde should_flush_tlb() env\u00eda una IPI. Versi\u00f3n larga: === Historial === Hubo algunas cosas que llevaron a esto. Primero, se observ\u00f3 que actualizar mm_cpumask() era demasiado costoso, por lo que se hizo m\u00e1s perezoso. Pero ser perezoso caus\u00f3 demasiados IPI innecesarios a las CPU debido al ahora perezoso mm_cpumask(). Entonces se agreg\u00f3 c\u00f3digo para descartar mm_cpumask() peri\u00f3dicamente[2]. Pero ese descarte fue demasiado agresivo y omiti\u00f3 el env\u00edo de vaciados de TLB a las CPU que los necesitan. As\u00ed que aqu\u00ed estamos de nuevo. === Problema === El c\u00f3digo demasiado agresivo en should_flush_tlb() ataca en esta ventana: // Activa las IPI para esta combinaci\u00f3n de CPU/mm, pero solo si should_flush_tlb() est\u00e1 de acuerdo: cpumask_set_cpu(cpu, mm_cpumask(next)); next_tlb_gen = atomic64_read(&next->context.tlb_gen); choose_new_asid(next, next_tlb_gen, &new_asid, &need_flush); load_new_mm_cr3(need_flush); // ^ Despu\u00e9s de que 'need_flush' se establece en falso, las IPI *DEBEN* // enviarse a esta CPU y no ignorarse. this_cpu_write(cpu_tlbstate.loaded_mm, next); // ^ \u00a1No es hasta este punto que should_flush_tlb() // se vuelve verdadero! should_flush_tlb() suprimir\u00e1 los vaciados de TLB entre load_new_mm_cr3() y la escritura en 'loaded_mm', que es una ventana donde no deber\u00edan suprimirse. \u00a1Uy! === Soluci\u00f3n === Afortunadamente, la ventana difusa \"a punto de escribir CR3\" ya est\u00e1 marcada con load_mm==LOADED_MM_SWITCHING. Simplemente comprobar ese estado en should_flush_tlb() es suficiente para asegurar que la CPU est\u00e9 dirigida a un IPI. Esto provocar\u00e1 m\u00e1s IPI de vaciado de TLB. Sin embargo, la ventana es relativamente peque\u00f1a y no preveo que esto tenga ning\u00fan impacto medible en el rendimiento. Actualice el comentario donde se escribe LOADED_MM_SWITCHING, ya que ha generado otro usuario. Peter Z tambi\u00e9n plante\u00f3 la preocupaci\u00f3n de que should_flush_tlb() podr\u00eda no observar 'loaded_mm' e 'is_lazy' en el mismo orden en que switch_mm_irqs_off() los escribe. A\u00f1ade una barrera para garantizar que se observen en el orden en que est\u00e1n escritos."}], "id": "CVE-2025-37964", "lastModified": "2025-12-16T20:30:11.323", "metrics": {"cvssMetricV31": [{"cvssData": {"attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 5.5, "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "NONE", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "userInteraction": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H", "version": "3.1"}, "exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "impactScore": 3.6, "source": "nvd@nist.gov", "type": "Primary"}]}, "published": "2025-05-20T16:15:34.683", "references": [{"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/02ad4ce144bd27f71f583f667fdf3b3ba0753477"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/12f703811af043d32b1c8a30001b2fa04d5cd0ac"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/399ec9ca8fc4999e676ff89a90184ec40031cf59"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d41072906abec8bb8e01ed16afefbaa558908c89"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d87392094f96e162fa5fa5a8640d70cc0952806f"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/fea4e317f9e7e1f449ce90dedc27a2d2a95bee5a"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "tags": ["Third Party Advisory"], "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/08/msg00010.html"}], "sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "vulnStatus": "Analyzed", "weaknesses": [{"description": [{"lang": "en", "value": "NVD-CWE-noinfo"}], "source": "nvd@nist.gov", "type": "Primary"}]}

{"bugzilla": {"description": "kernel: x86/mm: Eliminate window where TLB flushes may be inadvertently skipped", "id": "2367584", "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2367584"}, "csaw": false, "cvss3": {"cvss3_base_score": "7.0", "cvss3_scoring_vector": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "status": "draft"}, "details": ["In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\nx86/mm: Eliminate window where TLB flushes may be inadvertently skipped\ntl;dr: There is a window in the mm switching code where the new CR3 is\nset and the CPU should be getting TLB flushes for the new mm. But\nshould_flush_tlb() has a bug and suppresses the flush. Fix it by\nwidening the window where should_flush_tlb() sends an IPI.\nLong Version:\n=== History ===\nThere were a few things leading up to this.\nFirst, updating mm_cpumask() was observed to be too expensive, so it was\nmade lazier. But being lazy caused too many unnecessary IPIs to CPUs\ndue to the now-lazy mm_cpumask(). So code was added to cull\nmm_cpumask() periodically[2]. But that culling was a bit too aggressive\nand skipped sending TLB flushes to CPUs that need them. So here we are\nagain.\n=== Problem ===\nThe too-aggressive code in should_flush_tlb() strikes in this window:\n// Turn on IPIs for this CPU/mm combination, but only\n// if should_flush_tlb() agrees:\ncpumask_set_cpu(cpu, mm_cpumask(next));\nnext_tlb_gen = atomic64_read(&next->context.tlb_gen);\nchoose_new_asid(next, next_tlb_gen, &new_asid, &need_flush);\nload_new_mm_cr3(need_flush);\n// ^ After 'need_flush' is set to false, IPIs *MUST*\n// be sent to this CPU and not be ignored.\nthis_cpu_write(cpu_tlbstate.loaded_mm, next);\n// ^ Not until this point does should_flush_tlb()\n// become true!\nshould_flush_tlb() will suppress TLB flushes between load_new_mm_cr3()\nand writing to 'loaded_mm', which is a window where they should not be\nsuppressed. Whoops.\n=== Solution ===\nThankfully, the fuzzy \"just about to write CR3\" window is already marked\nwith loaded_mm==LOADED_MM_SWITCHING. Simply checking for that state in\nshould_flush_tlb() is sufficient to ensure that the CPU is targeted with\nan IPI.\nThis will cause more TLB flush IPIs. But the window is relatively small\nand I do not expect this to cause any kind of measurable performance\nimpact.\nUpdate the comment where LOADED_MM_SWITCHING is written since it grew\nyet another user.\nPeter Z also raised a concern that should_flush_tlb() might not observe\n'loaded_mm' and 'is_lazy' in the same order that switch_mm_irqs_off()\nwrites them. Add a barrier to ensure that they are observed in the\norder they are written."], "name": "CVE-2025-37964", "package_state": [{"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9"}], "public_date": "2025-05-20T00:00:00Z", "references": ["https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-37964\nhttps://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-37964\nhttps://lore.kernel.org/linux-cve-announce/2025052005-CVE-2025-37964-6372@gregkh/T"], "threat_severity": "Moderate"}

{"created": "2025-06-24T09:44:23.469514+00:00", "updated": "2025-06-24T09:44:23.469634+00:00", "vendors": ["linux", "linux$PRODUCT$linux_kernel"]}